| Androgens | The class of sex hormones that predominate in males; they are produced by the testes in males and by the adrenal glands in both males and females.
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| anorexia nervosa | An eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.
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| broaden-and-build model | A model emphasizing that the key to the adaptiveness of positive emotional states lies in their effects on our attention and our ability to build resources.
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| bulimia nervosa | An eating disorder in which the individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern.
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| Cannon-Bard theory | Theory stating that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.
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| Catharsis | The release of anger or aggressive energy by directly or vicariously engaging in anger or aggression; the catharsis hypothesis states that behaving angrily or watching others behave angrily reduces subsequent anger.
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| display rules | Sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed.
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| Drive | An aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need.
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| Emotion | Feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression.
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| Estrogens | The main class of female sex hormones, produced principally by the ovaries.
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| extrinsic motivation | Motivation that involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments.
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| facial feedback hypothesis | The idea that facial expressions can influence emotions as well as reflect them.
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| hierarchy of needs | Maslow's view that individuals' main needs are satisfied in the following sequence: physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization.
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| Homeostasis | The body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium, or steady state.
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| human sexual response pattern | Identified by Masters and Johnson, the four phases of physical reactions that occur in humans as a result of sexual stimulation. These phases are excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
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| Instinct | An innate (unlearned), biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species.
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| intrinsic motivation | Motivation that is based on internal factors such as organismic needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness), as well as curiosity, challenge, and effort.
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| James-Lange theory | Theory stating that emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment.
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| Motivation | The force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do.
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| Need | A deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation.
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| Polygraph | A machine that monitors bodily changes thought to be influenced by emotional states; it is used by examiners to try to determine whether someone is lying.
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| self-actualization | The highest and most elusive of Maslow's needs; the motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being.
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| self-determination theory | A theory of motivation that proposes that three basic, organismic needs (competence, autonomy, and relatedness) characterize intrinsic motivation.
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| self-regulation | The process by which an organism pursues important objectives, centrally involving getting feedback about how we are doing in our goal pursuits.
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| set point | The weight maintained when no effort is made to gain or lose weight.
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| sexual orientation | The direction of the person's erotic interests, whether heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual.
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| two-factor theory of emotion | Schachter and Singer's theory that emotion is determined by two main factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.
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| Yerkes-Dodson law | Principle stating that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than low or high arousal.
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