1 A) reading Classical writings in the original Latin and Greek. B) developing the ability to speak and write eloquently. C) rejecting religious rituals, institutions, and beliefs. D) pursuing perfection through moral philosophy. E) an appreciation and understanding of ancient writings. 2 A) write and speak in a more refined and eloquent way. B) escape from the misery of the present into an imagined past. C) imitate them, and thereby become more virtuous. D) understand the full richness and diversity of the human past. E) conduct more informed debate in order to rediscover ancient truths. 3 The Decameron , is notable becauseA) it served as a Humanist "guidebook" to proper behavior. B) it was the first epic poem written since the ancient Greeks. C) it was the first translation of Greek poetry into Latin prose. D) it retold the stories of the glories of ancient Rome. E) it portrayed ordinary characters and dealt frankly with the subject of sex, creating new aims in Western literature. 4 A) an educational system stressing knowledge useful for members of the social elite. B) a literary movement that reshaped the form and content of virtually all genres. C) a body of knowledge and manners that served to distinguish the upper classes. D) a political philosophy that caused the decline of despotism and rise of democracy. E) a system of viewing history analytically, drawing inspiration from ancients such as Livy. 5 A) the study of Greek. B) the philosophy of Plato. C) pursuit of personal perfection. D) the value of the contemplation of beauty. E) the irreconcilability of divergent truths. 6 A) Rome. B) Florence. C) Venice. D) Padua. E) Naples. 7 A) was defined by a single man of overpowering genius, Leonardo da Vinci. B) saw the steady decline of the artistic trends begun the previous century. C) brought to a climax the artistic trends begun a century before. D) saw a shift in cultural initiative from artists to writers and philosophers. E) focused exclusively on new forms in painting. 8 A) Masaccio B) Leonardo C) Michelangelo D) Donatello E) Titian 9 A) Earlier artists were essentially seen as craftsmen, whereas later artists were viewed as greatly prized members of society, with high status. B) Earlier artists were valued primarily for their depictions of religious images, whereas later artists were prized as recorders of everyday life. C) Earlier artists were considered to occupy the lowest rungs of society, whereas later artists were increasingly viewed as skilled craftsmen. D) Earlier artists were valued primarily by the nobility, their primary patrons, whereas later artists relied almost exclusively upon the Church for patronage. E) Earlier artists were valued primarily for their depictions of everyday life, whereas later artists were prized for their inspirational religious works. 10 A) the percentage of townspeople was far lower in the North. B) the plague was more severe in the North. C) malnutrition stunted northerners' intellects. D) northern society was highly urbanized. E) cities rather than princely courts dominated the area. 11 A) architecture. B) music. C) painting. D) sculpture. E) poetry. 12 A) a rejection of rational thought as a means of achieving useful knowledge. B) a renewed commitment to complete Aquinas' fusion of faith and reason. C) a focus on the way we describe things rather than on the reality of things. D) a growing skepticism that we can know anything about the material world. E) a focus on returning to the Bible as the true source of useful knowledge. 13 A) the nominalist position that the Church is made up of the sum of its parts, and thus the true power lies among its members. B) the humanist position that people should cultivate their virtue in imitation of Classical models. C) Wycliffe's criticism of the Church's remoteness from ordinary people and its dependence on Rome. D) the Neoplatonist view that every being in the universe except God is impelled to seek perfection. E) Hus's position that priests were not a holy and privileged group within the Church. 14 A) collecting, as a special tax, one-third to one-half of an appointee's first-year salary. B) selling dispensations from the normal requirements of canon law. C) selling indulgences, remissions of the temporal punishment for sin. D) drastically reducing papal expenses by adopting a cult of virtuous poverty. E) claiming the income from vacant offices and sometimes even selling offices while the officeholders were alive. 15 A) the papacy had regained its undisputed control of the Church. B) the dominance of Church councils had been firmly established. C) the trinity of three popes had come to be accepted. D) the College of Cardinals had agreed to only elect Italian popes. E) everyone in Europe had been excommunicated. 16 A) They wanted the supremacy of the College of Cardinals confirmed in a papal decree. B) They wanted a new constitution that would confirm the supremacy of a general council, which would limit the pope's authority. C) They wanted to form a council consisting of all the heads of state in Europe, which the College of Cardinals would consult in choosing new popes. D) They wanted to establish yearly councils that would advise the pope of any potential problems within Europe, with hopes of avoiding another schism. E) They wanted to insure that only Italian popes would be elected, specifically to exclude the possibility of the election of a French pope who might return to Avignon. 17 A) fasting, pilgrimages, and other ritual acts. B) the interior experience of communion with God. C) logical proofs of God's necessary existence. D) rejection of the Church hierarchy and beliefs. E) a strict adherence to the devotia moderna . 18 A) increased participation by women in religion. B) no special value in the monastic vocation. C) greater dependence on clerical intercession with God. D) simplicity and humility in imitation of Christ. E) the primacy of the state of one's soul over acts of piety. 19 A) that the Church had become too remote from the people. B) a more direct reliance on the Bible. C) that the Church's suppression of transubstantiation was not valid. D) that theologians could not tell Christians what to believe. E) a disbelief in the special power of priests. 20 A) were allowed to establish a special church, but further demands for reform were rejected. B) disbanded after Hus's execution. C) joined with other reformers who continued to fight unabated until combining forces with Martin Luther one hundred years later. D) united the nobility of Europe to oppose the power of the Church. E) united with the Lollards.
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