1 A) church ritual and good works. B) good works and clerical intercession. C) church ritual and individual faith. D) individual faith and love of God. E) individual faith and good works. 2 A) reading the Bible and the writings of early church fathers. B) joining religious orders in unprecedented numbers. C) establishing lay fraternities for worship. D) destroying cosmetics, dice, and other frivolities. E) establishing lay fraternities for charitable purposes. 3 A) its confusion during the Avignon and Schism periods. B) its focus on worldly concerns like power politics. C) its fiscal expedients and extravagant spending. D) the successes of the Ottoman Turks. E) the challenges to papal moral and doctrinal superiority brought by the conciliar movement. 4 A) sermons by the clergy. B) regular village gatherings. C) printed books and broadsides. D) works of literature and art. E) news from travelers passing through smaller towns' taverns and inns. 5 A) fusing Neoplatonist philosophy with the Christian religion. B) retranslating and reanalyzing the Bible to understand it more accurately. C) refuting nominalism by drawing on ancient authorities. D) showing the parallel between civic Humanism and Christian "good works." E) moving away from a reliance on the Bible. 6 A) a violent, radical reformation of the Church from within that preserved the Church's authority. B) a rejection of the Church's authority in favor of individual spirituality. C) a revival of purer faith without rejecting the traditional authority of the Church. D) a revival of purer faith that rejected the traditional authority of the Church. E) the development of a new mission for the Church that left behind its original purposes. 7 A) he was unhappy in the career track he had chosen. B) he identified the pope with his father. C) he questioned the interpretation of the Bible and the true meanings of certain words. D) he felt unworthy to perform the sacraments. E) he felt a righteous God would never forgive his sins. 8 A) he disputed the legitimacy of indulgences in his ninety-five theses. B) he rejected the pope's authority and the validity of the sacraments. C) he refused to recant his beliefs at the Diet of Worms. D) he defied an imperial edict by accepting protection in Saxony. E) he questioned the right of the clergy to administer the seven sacraments. 9 A) define the doctrine of consubstantiation to make clear his rejection of transubstantiation. B) translate the Bible into German so ordinary people could read it for themselves. C) organize the Duke of Saxony's church, which became a model for Lutherans elsewhere. D) meet with Zwingli in an attempt to reconcile their interpretations of Christianity. E) allow priests to marry, further narrowing the difference between clergy and laity. 10 A) other preachers and pamphlets criticizing the Church proved a strong draw all over the Empire. B) there were waves of image-smashing and reports of priests marrying. C) congregations all over the empire and in neighboring countries began following Luther's teachings. D) radical preachers began calling for Lutheranism to be institutionalized as the empire's state church. E) there were efforts to simplify the sacraments. 11 A) approximately half B) approximately one-third C) approximately one-fourth D) approximately two-thirds E) approximately one-tenth 12 A) it justified antimonarchical constitutional theories. B) it originated independent and pioneering behavior among Europeans. C) it allowed people to feel that all occupations were equally worthy. D) it undermined the hierarchic view of the universe. E) it encouraged people to act on their own and to be responsible for their own salvation. 13 A) the retention of church authority. B) the correctness of infant baptism. C) an ideology based entirely upon scripture. D) an emphasis on faith alone. E) the symbolic meaning of the sacraments of baptism and communion. 14 A) forcibly rebaptize all citizens. B) burn all books but the Bible. C) abolish private property. D) institute polygamy. E) believe in the eminent return of the Messiah. 15 A) its members had a sense of destiny in their mission to live for God. B) it had a disciplined, hierarchical organization that defined clearly each member's position. C) its tenets were left vague, so different congregations could adapt them to local conditions. D) it had a secure base at Geneva from which to disseminate missionary propaganda. E) its tight discipline convinced Calvinists that they were setting a moral and religious example that the entire world would eventually follow. 16 A) because of the strength of Lutheranism among his subjects. B) because he was moved by Luther's message. C) in order to cement an alliance with the Emperor. D) to get a divorce. E) to gain control over Church offices. 17 A) venerable traditions and splendid ceremonies. B) phenomenal wealth. C) a long history of charity for the poor. D) Paul III. E) clearly defined doctrines. 18 A) clearly reaffirming doctrines challenged by the Protestants. B) establishing the outward, sacramental orientation of the Church. C) strengthening the power of the pope. D) updating the version of the Bible accepted as authoritative. E) instilling new discipline that demonstrated a willingness to deal with morality as thoroughly as with belief. 19 A) as mystics. B) through charitable activities. C) through affecting their husbands' faith. D) through founding new orders. E) the establishment of new hospitals. 20 A) strictly enforced military discipline B) carefully structured spiritual experiences C) rigorous educational preparation D) flexibility when courting wavering rulers E) theological combat with competitors
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