The Western Experience, 10th Edition (Chambers)

Chapter 19: The Age of Enlightenment

Multiple Choice Quiz

1
Who was NOT one of the important seventeenth-century thinkers that influenced the Enlightenment?
A)Isaac Newton
B)René Descartes
C)Francis Bacon
D)John Locke
E)Joseph Priestly
2
Science was important to the Enlightenment as
A)the focus of the philosophes' original thought.
B)a source of theoretical justifications for the philosophes' programs.
C)an inspiring example of the success of reason and experience.
D)the major recruiting ground for new philosophes.
E)a justification for military adventurism.
3
Which of the following is true of the early writing and publishing fields?
A)Sensational pamphlets and writing were popular but offered no financial gain because of government restriction.
B)The publishing industry created new opportunities for men but effectively none for women.
C)Relatively few writers could achieve financial independence without patronage.
D)Governments demanded that newspapers seek their permission for publishing stories of current events, but newspapers almost never obtained this permission.
E)Writing remained the domain of highly educated talent because it was impossible to get something published without layers of editing and review.
4
One important reason the philosophes championed intellectual freedom was
A)they felt that all points of view must be treated as equally valid.
B)the beliefs they opposed were supported by official power.
C)their beliefs rested not on assumptions but on facts.
D)they wanted to mobilize the masses.
E)they believed they could convince government officials of the rightness of their ideas.
5
All of the following Enlightenment figures pioneered the social sciences EXCEPT
A)Montesquieu, who essentially founded political science by writing a comparative study of governments.
B)Thomas Hobbes, who transformed ethics from a philosophical to a scientific field of study.
C)Adam Smith, who advanced economics by focusing on the mechanical workings of the market.
D)Voltaire, who moved history beyond chronicles of battles to analysis of social institutions and culture.
E)Immanuel Kant, who attempted to harmonize the notion of absolute moral values with practical reason.
6
Which of the following is true of the Encyclopedia?
A)It openly attacked religion.
B)It emphasized the technological and practical nature of science.
C)It held philosophy at its core.
D)It largely ignored religion.
E)It's editors offered no stated purpose or goal.
7
Rousseau advocated all of the following EXCEPT
A)the founding of morals on the basis of conscience rather than reason.
B)simple majority rule in the administration of government.
C)education through the cultivation of natural talents rather than imposition of dry information.
D)a social and political system in which individual desires are subordinate to group consensus.
E)a return to simplicity to shrug off the trappings of high culture.
8
Masonic lodges
A)fostered a curious mixture of spirituality and rationalism.
B)were limited to the aristocratic class.
C)were almost all of multiple genders.
D)continued to grow in influence beyond the end of the century.
E)were initially a very open and non-secretive form of sociability.
9
The growth of publishing in the eighteenth century was evidenced by all of the following EXCEPT
A)the proliferation of journals for specialized interests.
B)the disappearance of oral traditions in popular culture.
C)the appearance of regular newspapers.
D)the increasing number and profitability of booksellers.
E)the growth of traveling circulating libraries.
10
Romanticism
A)celebrated the structure that classical forms gave to human experience.
B)ignored linear song structures in favor of dissonance.
C)rebelled against the constraints of classical forms by abandoning structure.
D)opened up artistic experience to peasants and the urban working classes.
E)emphasized emotional experience as the focus of artistic endeavor.
11
The social context of art was changing in that
A)aristocrats were replacing the Church as the primary source of patronage.
B)artists were suddenly confronted with the need to support themselves commercially.
C)critics and public exhibitions were creating a "public sphere" of cultural discourse.
D)artists for the first time turned their attention to ordinary people's lives.
E)art was the preserve of a very small, provincial group that had no contacts with the "real world."
12
Inexpensive booklets of popular literature tended to be in all of the following forms EXCEPT
A)almanacs.
B)religious tracts.
C)entertaining stories.
D)romances.
E)Enlightenment philosophy.
13
Literacy in France was
A)highest in the northeast.
B)highest in the east.
C)highest in the south.
D)highest in the southwest.
E)the lowest in Europe.
14
Primary schooling in England and France
A)was provided directly by the state.
B)was nonexistent.
C)was promoted heavily by the state but not supported with funding.
D)was left entirely to the chance of local initiative.
E)was made a legal requirement for those families with enough funding to cover the costs at private institutions.
15
During most of the eighteenth century, there were no notable innovations in the field of
A)philosophy.
B)music.
C)literature.
D)painting.
E)science.
16
During the eighteenth century, refined cultural tastes came to be
A)essential at all levels of society.
B)seen by all to be hollow pretense.
C)the sign of membership in the elite.
D)linked to a democratic view of society.
E)a measure of one's arrogance.
17
The Enlightenment thinker who authored Elements of the Philosophy of Newton was
A)Locke.
B)Hobbes.
C)Rousseau.
D)Voltaire.
E)Diderot.
18
Voltaire's best-selling masterpiece that was burned by authorities in Switzerland, France, and the Netherlands was
A)The Philosophical Dictionary.
B)The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
C)The Spirit of the Laws.
D)The Encyclopedia.
E)Emile, or Treatise on Education.
19
The author of The Spirit of the Laws, a comparative study of governments and societies, was
A)Voltaire.
B)Hobbes.
C)Montesquieu.
D)Kant.
E)Rousseau.
20
In his book The Social Contract, Rousseau described the ideal polity as
A)a theocracy.
B)a government that has returned to a state of nature.
C)government in which individuals have a role in making the law to which they submit.
D)one led by a natural aristocracy of the educated and wealthy.
E)a military autocracy with a professional bureaucracy.
Chambers, The Western Experience, 10th Edition
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