1 A) religious toleration, and greater state control of the Church. B) the end of judicial torture and class distinctions in the administration of justice. C) convocation of the estates as a parliamentary forum for political discussion. D) abolition of serfdom and creation of a freeholding peasantry. E) reduction of the use of the death penalty. 2 A) the monarchy's oppression of free speech and Enlightenment writings B) the king's secret alliances with oppressive foreign regimes C) the poor management of national finances by the monarchy D) the scandalous doings of high aristocrats E) the slow but steady removal of rights from the people 3 territorial subvention, aA) plan to annex lands outside of France's borders without military conflict. B) plan to confiscate the lands of the Church and auction them off to shore up state finances. C) tax to be levied on peasant farmers. D) tax to be levied on the yield of all landed property without exemptions. E) plan to appoint royal governors to the provinces, which would better enforce tax collection. 4 A) most radicals calling only for political reform. B) the struggle between John Wilkes and the crown over his vicious criticisms of the government. C) agitation by groups of solid citizens for parliamentary reform. D) opposition and ultimately rebellion in Britain's North American colonies. E) organizations calling for greater freedom of the press. 5 A) the Americans appealed to traditional rights of all British and theories of popular sovereignty and natural rights. B) the Americans focused on practical issues like opposition to taxation rather than abstract principles of liberty. C) the Americans grounded their protests in the body of privileges that the monarchy violated with its new tax plans. D) the Americans organized their protests on the basis of interest groups: landowners, merchants, and artisans. E) Americans' dissent was organized by local militia. 6 A) it maintained an alliance among social strata based on a shared commitment to legal equality. B) it created the first modern government based on participation and consent of the citizens. C) it was simultaneously a war for independence and a political revolution. D) it was the first successful rebellion by overseas colonies against their European masters. E) it established political rights and legal equality for all adult men. 7 A) new theories of politics emphasizing rationality and popular sovereignty over tradition and divine right. B) growing assertiveness on the part of the aristocracy that made it ready to exploit the king's fiscal woes. C) the desire of the bourgeoisie to win political control of the nation to match its socioeconomic dominance. D) popular discontent caused by overpopulation, crop failures, grain shortages, and high levels of vagrancy. E) the example of the American Revolution. 8 A) heavy spending in support of the American rebels. B) lavish spending on court festivities and frivolities. C) refusal to consider significant reform measures to tap the nation's wealth. D) inability to find competent ministers to put reform measures into place. E) historic inability to tax privileged groups. 9 A) the Third Estate had twice as many representatives, and so could dominate a combined chamber. B) the nobles and clergy plus conservative commoners would dominate a combined chamber. C) the double vote given the Third Estate meant that three separate chambers would constantly deadlock. D) the liberal clergy could ally the First Estate with the Third to achieve a majority of two of three chambers. E) of threats of a rebellion by the nobles. 10 A) Louis XVI and Necker met with it on May 5 and established its voting procedures. B) the Third Estate invited the others to join it and proclaimed itself the National Assembly. C) the king, faced with the Third Estate's refusal to meet separately, ordered the other estates to join it. D) the people of Paris stormed the Bastille and took over the municipal government. E) the First Estate ceded all authority to the Third. 11 A) the Parisian insurrection of July 14 that forestalled a military coup by royalist forces. B) the "Great Fear," in which peasants across the country rebelled against their seigniorial landlords. C) the August 4 decree abolishing feudalism, and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen setting the new order. D) the storming of the Tuileries and the suspension of the king by the Legislative Assembly. E) the peasant uprising over heavy church tithes and rumors of counter-revolution. 12 A) shifting power to citizens with property and creating a limited monarchy and powerful legislature. B) extending civil and political equality to Jews and blacks in France's Caribbean colonies. C) reforming and standardizing local administration and replacing the old judicial system. D) applying principles of laissez-faire to economics. E) debating the extension of political rights to women. 13 A) confiscating ecclesiastical property, issuing notes backed by its value, and auctioning off the land. B) reforming the administration of the Catholic Church in France. C) encouraging the clergy to renounce their vocations and marry. D) requiring the clergy to take an oath of loyalty to the constitution. E) that the church could no longer exist as an independent corporation – as a separate estate within the state. 14 A) lay a lasting foundation for the government's finances. B) alienate most of the clergy and many devout French people. C) undermine the long-term viability of Catholicism in France. D) create the basis of a lasting partnership between church and state. E) provoke a counter-revolution led by members of the clergy and their supporters. 15 A) the king's long-standing and increasingly apparent opposition to the revolution. B) the outbreak of war against Austria, Prussia, and the counter-revolutionary émigrés. C) the king's treasonous flight to Varennes, which further agitated the radicals. D) the royalist coup attempt by political prisoners held in Parisian jails supported by the Duke of Brunswick. E) the king's apparent treasonous relationship with the Prussian Duke of Brunswick. 16 A) the Girondins, who advocated provincial liberty and laissez-faire economics. B) the Parisian deputation (or Mountain), the more radical faction, which demanded bold measures to protect the revolution. C) the Plain, the majority of delegates, who were uncertain which path to follow. D) the sans-culottes, who denounced even the Mountain as too moderate. E) the Jacobin Club, Paris's most radical faction, from whom the leadership of the Mountain were drawn. 17 A) After initially abolishing slavery in all colonies, it reestablished the practice under pressure from merchants. B) After initially accepting slavery through pressure by the merchants, it abolished slavery in all French colonies. C) Slavery was abolished immediately after the revolution, in accordance with the values of the movement. D) Slavery was accepted in only those colonies that were most profitable, and abolished in others. E) The new government did not even take the issue under review, tacitly allowing it to continue. 18 A) implementation of the constitution drafted by the Convention to deal with the emergency situation. B) laws imposing price controls. C) rule by the "Committee of Public Safety" led by Robespierre. D) a "Reign of Terror" that killed anti-revolutionaries, political opponents, and citizens thought suspicious. E) laws allowing the arrest of suspected traitors. 19 A) price controls and punishment of profiteers. B) anti-aristocratic styles of dress, manners, and morals. C) decentralized, direct democracy. D) land reform to increase the holdings of small farmers. E) an end to laissez-faire economic policies. 20 A) the enthusiasm of soldiers fighting to defend their newly won freedoms. B) the ability of the state to mobilize men and material on a far greater scale than before. C) the new tactics using massive attack columns in place of the well-drilled lines of the old army. D) the massive uprisings of common people in bordering countries and the enemy nations. E) that the military was under civilian control, and discipline applied equally to officers and men thus forging loyalty among the troops.
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