| A) | A social and political outlook insisting that the state should embody a national community united by some or all of the following: history, ethnicity, religion, common culture, and language.
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| B) | The chief minister of Prussia's king, he masterminded the unification of Germany through military aggression and nationalist appeals.
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| C) | The conflict from 1870 to 1871 that led to the unification of Germany and (indirectly) to the creation of the French Third Republic; signaled the rise of Germany as a military power.
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| D) | British grain tariffs seen as benefiting the landed gentry at the expense of higher bread prices for urban consumers; an opposition movement by middleclass reformers led to the repeal of nearly all duties in 1846.
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| E) | The liberal constitutional monarchy established in France from 1830 to 1848, in which the House of Orléans replaced the Bourbons; its modest reforms benefited most the wealthy middle class.
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| F) | The reign of Napoleon III in France from 1852 to 1870; while authoritarian in nature, the regime fostered popular support through social programs and nationalist sentiment.
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| G) | A term meaning "resurgence," used to describe the liberal nationalist movement that led to the unification of Italy by 1870.
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| H) | An uprising in Paris in 1848 by radicals and workers that was brutally suppressed by government forces of France's new republic; the event symbolized the conflict between liberal democracy and working-class militancy.
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| I) | A mass working-class movement in Britain between 1837 and 1848 that derived its name from the People's Charter, a document calling for universal male suffrage, frequent elections by secret ballot, and other democratic reforms.
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