| A) | An informal association of manufacturers or suppliers who maintain prices at a high level and set production limits to control market demand.
|
| B) | A pattern of declining birth rate accompanied by a more rapidly falling mortality rate that is characteristic of modern societies.
|
| C) | The art of analyzing logical relationships among propositions in a dialogue or discourse. Later, a philosophical term for Hegel, who applies the term simultaneously to both world history and ideas. It describes the development from one stage of consciousness to a superior one through a dynamic process of the fusion of contradictions into a higher truth.
|
| D) | The application of Darwin's scientific theory of evolution to society, often in the service of reactionary and even racist ideas.
|
| E) | Declaration by the tsar of Russia in 1905 that provided Russia with a written constitution and guaranteed freedom of speech and assembly.
|
| F) | Radical activists who called for the abolition of the state, sometimes by violent means.
|
| G) | A duty or custom fee imposed on imports, often to protect local agriculture or industry from competition.
|
| H) | The process by which species develop through the natural selection of traits best adapted to the environment.
|
| I) | The political philosophy of Karl Marx, based on the premise that economic conditions determine the nature of society. Marxists advocate the overthrow of capitalism, which they believe will lead to the establishment of a classless society.
|
| J) | Anti-Jewish sentiment used to reinforce conservative, antiliberal and nationalist politics.
|
| K) | The study of the relationships between heat and other forms of energy; becomes one of the bases of nineteenth-century physics.
|
| L) | A group of artists who conveyed subjective experiences by capturing the effects of light and color on canvas.
|
| M) | A movement in which worker's organizations attempted to destroy bourgeois capitalism and gain control of industry by general strikes.
|
.
