1 A) defeating the Persian Empire militarily. B) financially depleting Byzantium through military campaigns. C) resisting Muslim encroachments. D) recapturing the Holy Cross. E) rekindling imperial pride after a series of military disasters. 2 A) inefficient. B) theocratic. C) arbitrary. D) democratic. E) bureaucratic. 3 A) their doctrines on the relationship between God, Christ, and the Holy Spirit. B) the language used in the liturgy. C) their desire to expand Christendom through missionary activity. D) their organization into either centralized control or a loose confederation of independent churches. E) the rules governing divorce. 4 A) Muslims. B) Turks. C) Greeks. D) Persians. E) Slavs. 5 theme system involved all of the following EXCEPTA) paying soldiers and sailors by granting them their own farms. B) putting a general in charge of civil administration. C) the organization of rural society. D) expanding the use of slaves and mercenary soldiers. E) soldier-farmers fighting in their own theme armies to defend their lands. 6 A) wine B) spices C) furniture D) gold E) silk 7 A) historical scholarship. B) religious mosaics. C) biblical commentaries. D) scientific advances. E) the preservation of classical Greek literature. 8 A) the increasing power of local landlords. B) the decline of the peasantry into serfdom. C) the declining authority of the central government. D) the growing power of the Church over lay society. E) the disintegration of the theme system and the subsequent reduction in military manpower. 9 A) were hearty desert nomads, well adapted to their harsh environment. B) lived between the stronger powers of Byzantium, Persia, and Abyssinia. C) were already in a state of political and religious ferment. D) were extremely spirited, tenacious, and formidable warriors. E) had already tried and rejected Christianity. 10 A) Christianity B) Judaism C) Zoroastrianism D) traditional Arab paganism E) Hinduism 11 A) making him intolerant of Christians and Jews. B) focusing him on problems of law and government. C) convincing him that religion and secular affairs cannot be mixed. D) introducing him to Christian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian beliefs. E) making him recognize the need for a powerful church bureaucracy. 12 A) the divine nature of Muhammad. B) the special destiny of the Arabs. C) submission to the will of God. D) the separate role of the clergy. E) the belief in the resurrection of God's son. 13 A) the Arabs' mastery of desert warfare. B) the religion's easily comprehended beliefs. C) the divisions within Persia and Byzantium. D) Muhammad's inspired military leadership. E) that Islam fused the once-contending Arab clans and tribes into a unified and dedicated force. 14 A) by disrupting the civilizations they affected, leading to their gradual but permanent decline. B) through a unique combination of fanaticism and toleration in which they allowed Christians and Jews to maintain their only religion. C) by creating a series of autonomous cultural areas bound by faith but united by little else. D) by transforming the civilizations they affected from cosmopolitan urban to insular rural societies. E) by embracing numerous economic systems. 15 A) archeology. B) medicine. C) mathematics. D) philosophy. E) astronomy. 16 A) the beginning of the reconquest of Spain. B) Christian successes in the Western Mediterranean. C) the Seljuk capture of Baghdad. D) the success of the First Crusade. E) the rise of the Italians and other Westerners to maritime and commercial dominance in the Mediterranean region. 17 A) victory in war. B) papal support. C) his physical presence. D) his deep learning. E) his talents as a linguist. 18 A) capitalizing on his prestige as emperor. B) traveling widely himself. C) sending inspectors to scrutinize a county each year. D) creating an elaborate bureaucracy. E) promoting unity by standardizing weights, measures, and money. 19 A) creating an improved handwriting for manuscripts. B) establishing a new standard form of Latin. C) standardizing religious texts. D) creating an impressive array of monumental buildings. E) forming an academy of scholars to discuss major intellectual issues. 20 A) the Byzantine Empire seized the opportunity to reassert itself at its expense. B) the popes ceased to back it, since it was no longer winning new converts to Christianity. C) its constant wars had overtaxed its resources, crippling its economy. D) it lost the ability to buy the aristocracy's loyalty with grants of new land. E) of constant encroachments by Arab armies from the South.
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