Zoology (Miller), 9th EditionNew to this EditionAs with earlier revisions of Zoology, the focus for this revision has been on presenting evolutionary and ecological concepts clearly and accurately, using examples from current literature as convincingly as possible, and presenting how new evidence is changing the exciting and dynamic field of zoology. In this revision, we have taken a conservative yet up-to-date position on taxonomic and other challenges to traditional interpretations of zoological data. The following are major additions to this edition: • The cladograms have been updated for all chapters in Part Two of the textbook.• A new pedagogy including “Learning Outcomes,” “Learning Outcomes Review,” and media integration was described earlier. • Answers for all review activities including the “Learning Outcomes Review” questions, “Concept Review Questions” and “Analysis and Application Questions” are provided. • All chapters and boxed readings have been carefully edited by outside reviewers and the authors. The revisions include minor to substantial changes in wording, artwork, photographs, content, and pedagogy. The following is a list of changes by chapter. • Chapter 1 (Zoology: An Evolutionary and Ecological Perspective). Population statistics have been updated in the section on ecological problems. • Chapter 2 (Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems of Animals). The various cell organelles have been color-coded so that their color is uniform throughout the chapter. • Chapter 3 (Cell Division and Inheritance). Figures have been redrawn to better illustrate concepts related to chromatin packing into chromosomes, chromosome structure, synapsis, and crossing-over. • Chapter 4 (Evolution: History and Evidence). Coverage of Hox genes has been updated. • Chapter 5 (Evolution and Gene Frequencies). The discussion of the phylogenetic concept of the species is now included in chapter 5 as well as chapter 7 to emphasize the importance of this view of the species. Additional information on, and examples pertaining to, rates of evolution has been added. More detail on the usefulness of molecular data in helping to understand evolutionary relationships has been added. • Chapter 6 (Ecology: Preserving the Animal Kingdom). New information and a new figure clarify the concepts of the niche and niche partitioning. The section on ecological problems has been completely rewritten. It includes updated population statistics and an assessment of the condition of eight critical environmental processes: biodiversity loss, nitrogen cycling, phosphorus cycling, climate change, land use, ocean acidification, freshwater use, and ozone depletion. • Chapter 7 (Animal Classification, Phylogeny, and Organization). New coverage of the limitations of the traditional taxonomic hierarchy is included. The concepts of horizontal and vertical gene transfer and the implications of horizontal gene transfer for the evolution of early life forms are presented. Figure 7.2 is revised to show horizontal gene transfer. • Chapter 8 (Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa). The table on the classification of the animal-like protists (protozoa) has been revised according to new phylogenetic data presented in a recent issue of Systematic Biology. The life-cycle figure of Plasmodium has been completely revised to be clearer and more colorful with respect to schizogony and gametogony. Conjugation in Paramecium has been up-dated with new artwork. The tentative phylogeny of the protist-like Eukaryotes based on 18S rRNA sequence comparisons has been revised and up-dated based on recent molecular phylogenetic data. • Chapter 9 (Multicellular and Tissue Levels of Organization). The coverage of animal origins has been updated and expanded. The history of multicellular life has been traced to between 800 and 1,000 mya. The cladogram depicting the relationships among the Cnidaria has been updated. • Chapter 10 (The Tripoblastic, Acoelomate Body Plan). Throughout, the importance of the evolutionary relationships and controversies of the major phylum (Platyhelminthes) in this chapter to other phyla is emphasized. In addition to morphological data, a new synthesis of animal phylogeny has been proposed using ribosomal RNA sequences supporting the three major clades of bilaterally symmetrical animals. • Chapter 11 (Molluscan Success). This chapter’s artwork has been extensively revised. There are 16 new or revised pieces of line art and new photographs. Taxonomy and the discussion of phylogenetic relationships have been updated. • Chapter 12 (Annelida: The Metameric Body Form). The taxonomy of the Annelida continues to be problematic. The controversies regarding the use of Polychaeta as a class name and the inclusion of Sipuncula, Siboglinidae, and Echiura in the phylum are discussed as an example of the lively discussions occurring in phylogenetics. • Chapter 13 (The Pseudocoelomate Body Plan: Aschelminthes Lophotrochozoan and Ecdysozoan Phyla). Since the dog heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) is the most common filarial worm in the United States, a photo of an infected dog heart full of worms opens this chapter. • Chapter 14 (The Arthropods: Blueprint for Success). This chapter’s artwork has received major revisions, including new photographs. • Chapter 15 (Hexapods and Myriapods: Terrestrial Triumphs). New molecular phylogenetic information has been added that discusses the probable ties between the Crustacea and Hexapoda, including the term “pancrustacea” to refer to the hexapod/crustacean clade. Figure 15.19 has been redrawn to reflect this relationship. • Chapter 16 (The Echinoderms). Phylogenetic information and the echinoderm cladogram (Figure 16.16) have been updated. • Chapter 17 (Hemichordata and Invertebrate Chordates). Hemichordate/Chordate phylogeny has been updated. The term “Ambulacraria” is introduced to signify the close ties that have recently been revealed between the Echinodermata and Hemichordata. The chordate cladogram in Figure 17.10 has been redrawn to reflect this new information. The chordate endostyle/thyroid gland is now included as a fifth unique chordate characteristic. Artwork for this chapter has had significant revisions. • Chapter 18 (The Fishes: Vertebrate Success in Water). A discussion of tetrapods as members of the sarcopterygian taxon is presented, and the cladogram in Figure 18.2 has been redrawn to reflect the monophyly of this lineage. Osteichthyes is dropped as a class name and is no longer used in reference to any bony fish. The discussion of the transition from land to water by tetrapodomorph sarcopterygians is updated, including new artwork featuring the “fishapod” Tiktaalik. • Chapter 19 (Amphibians: The First Terrestrial Vertebrates). Figure 19.3 has been redrawn to more clearly distinguish the “stem tetrapoda,” tetrapoda, Temnospondyli, and Lissamphibia. The text explains the significance of these terms. The coverage of amphibian orders has been reorganized to better reflect relationships among the Lissamphibia. • Chapter 20 (Reptiles: Nonavian Diapsid Reptiles). Additional detail has been added on the kinetic skull of members of the order Squamata. The suborder level taxonomy of Squamata is updated. • Chapter 21 (Birds: Reptiles by Another Name). Orderlevel taxonomy has been updated. Additional discussion of bird migration has been added. • Chapter 22 (Mammals: Synapsid Amniotes). Recent information from molecular, morphological, and biogeographical data is redefining eutherian taxonomy. This new information is incorporated into the text and into figure 22.3. There is new coverage of mammalian dentition and hibernation. Hominin taxonomy has been updated. • Chapter 23 (Protection, Support, and Movement). The section on the limitations an exoskeleton imposes on terrestrial invertebrates has been expanded. • Chapter 24 (Communication I: Nervous and Sensory Systems). New artwork on the types of vertebrate neurons and transmission of the electrical impulses across the synapse in the peripheral and central nervous systems has been rendered to better clarify the electrical and chemical flow of information. • Chapter 25 (Communication II: The Endocrine System and Chemical Messengers). Many of the figure legends in this chapter have been expanded to reflect more detail in the figures. The Chapter Outline has been modified so that the material in the chapter flows more smoothly in manageable amounts. The most recent terminology from the Society of Endocrinology is used for the various hormones. • Chapter 26 (Circulation and Gas Exchange). This is a very large chapter since it covers the comparative anatomy and physiology of the circulatory and respiratory systems. Therefore, the chapter content and the outline have been completely reorganized so that the material flows more smoothly and in manageable amounts. • Chapter 27 (Nutrition and Digestion). Color has been added to the illustrations containing teeth to differentiate the incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. New figures on ruminant mammals and the extensive cecum of nonruminant herbivores have been added. • Chapter 28 (Temperature and Body Fluid Regulation). The various flow diagrams utilizing positive and negative feedback have been colorized for greater clarity. A new section and figure on how marine birds cope with excess salt in their diets has been added. • Chapter 29 (Reproduction and Development). A new photo and discussion on mating in hermaphroditic earthworms have been added to this chapter. The evolution of internal fertilization and livebirth in vertebrates has been updated based on phylogenetic analysis from fish to placental mammals. A new figure illustrates this evolution. The various flow diagrams that illustrate reproductive control in both the human male and female based on positive and negative feedback have been redrawn for better clarity. |  |
