| development | The pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life, involving both growth and decline.
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| nature | An individual's biological inheritance, especially his or her genes.
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| nurture | An individual's environmental and social experiences.
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| resilience | A person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times.
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| preferential looking | A research technique that involves giving an infant a choice of what object to look at.
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| assimilation | An individual's incorporation of new information into existing knowledge.
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| accommodation | An individual's adjustment of his or her schemas to new information.
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| sensorimotor stage | Piaget's first stage of cognitive development, lasting from birth to about 2 years of age, during which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor (physical) actions.
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| preoperational stage | Piaget's second stage of cognitive development, lasting from about 2 to 7 years of age, during which thought is more symbolic than sensorimotor thought.
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| concrete operational stage | Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, lasting from about 7 to 11 years of age, during which the individual uses operations and replaces intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations.
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| formal operational stage | Piaget's fourth stage of cognitive development, which begins at 11 to 15 years of age and continues through the adult years; it features thinking about things that are not concrete, making predictions, and using logic to come up with hypotheses about the future.
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| temperament | An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.
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| infant attachment | The close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver.
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| secure attachment | The ways that infants use their caregiver, usually their mother, as a secure base from which to explore the environment.
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| authoritarian parenting | A restrictive, punitive style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parent's directions and to value hard work and effort.
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| authoritative parenting | A parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and controls on behavior.
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| neglectful parenting | A parenting style characterized by a lack of parental involvement in the child's life.
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| permissive parenting | A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.
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| prosocial behavior | Behavior that is intended to benefit other people.
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| puberty | A period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescence.
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| androgens | The main class of male sex hormones.
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| estrogens | The main class of female sex hormones.
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| identity versus identity confusion | Erikson's fifth psychological stage, in which adolescents face the challenges of finding out who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life.
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| emerging adulthood | The transitional period from adolescence to adulthood, spanning approximately 18 to 25 years of age.
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| wisdom | Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life.
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