Marine Biology (Castro), 9th Edition

Chapter 10: An Introduction to Marine Ecology

Chapter Quiz

1
Which of these is a primary producer?
A)Killer whale.
B)Diatom.
C)Copepod.
D)Small fish.
2
A food pyramid consists of 10 million calories' worth of diatoms. How much of this is passed on to third level consumers, such as large fishes?
A)1 million calories
B)100 thousand calories
C)10 thousand calories
D)1 thousand calories
3
A killer whale is considered to be a _____ trophic level consumer, while a baleen whale is a _____ trophic level consumer.
A)Sixth, second
B)Second, sixth
C)Sixth, first
D)Third, second
4
Some of the highest primary production in a pelagic environment occurs in
A)Coral reefs.
B)The Southern Ocean.
C)Coastal upwelling areas.
D)Central ocean gyres.
5
The feeding and biological production interrelationships of all organisms in a given ecosystem is shown in a ____________ diagram.
A)Trophic-level
B)Food chain
C)Food web
D)Symbiotic relationship
6
Net primary productivity can be determined by:
A)Measuring the bioluminescence of zooplankton
B)Comparing oxygen production by photosynthesis in a clear bottle vs the production of CO2 in a dark bottle due to respiration.
C)Measuring nutrients in the water.
D)Analyzing the content of biogenic sediments.
7
The biodiversity of the ocean environment is currently:
A)Greatly expanding due to more rapid evolution of species
B)Remaining constant due to the vastness of the oceans and thus the stability of marine populations.
C)Is declining mostly due to human impacts.
D)The ecosystem is simply too large to measure accurately.
8
The maximum population of any organism that can be maintained by the available resources in an ecosystem is the:
A)primary productivity
B)the food chain
C)the food web
D)the carrying capacity
9
Maintenance of biodiversity is of importance to humans because ecosystem efficiency may decline as species are lost.
A)True
B)False
10
Which of the following is a potential problem in achieving a significant reduction in the rate of the loss of biodiversity world-wide?
A)Conferences have not been held to discuss this issue.
B)There is no evidence that diverse communities are more efficient at using resources than those that are less diverse.
C)Scientists cannot actually measure how fast biodiversity is disappearing.
D)Scientists have already identified most organisms and evaluated their use to humans.
11
Rapid unchecked growth of populations as seen in the explosion of the human population is called:
A)Carrying capacity
B)Primary production
C)Exponential growth
D)Expansion of trophic levels
12
A population that has leveled off and is no longer increasing is said to be experiencing:
A)Loss of biodiversity
B)Logistic growth
C)Exponential grown
D)Species endangerment
13
Species that exhibit resource partitioning are likely to be specialists rather than generalists.
A)True
B)False
14
Damselfishes can be raised in captivity. In a small culture pool, only 10 can be kept because, if more are placed in the pool, they fight. Despite abundant food, only the largest 10 fish survive. This population's growth rate is said to be
A)Self-limiting.
B)Exponential.
C)Suffering from limited resources.
D)Shown by a J-shaped curve.
15
An example of predation is
A)A chiton grazing on algae.
B)A tunicate sucking in plankton.
C)A snail drilling a hole into a clam and then sucking out the flesh.
D)A polychaete worm taking in bacteria-rich sediment.
16
The relationship in which two co-habiting or cooperating organisms that benefit each other is called:
A)Symbiosis.
B)Coevolution.
C)Commensalism.
D)Mutualism.
17
A biologist monitors a small area of a sea cliff. Two filter-feeders are present. Over time, one of them, a colonial ascidian, completely overgrows a neighboring coral. This interaction is an example of
A)Predation.
B)An indirect interaction.
C)A competitive interaction.
D)Resource partitioning.
18
Some snails grow thicker shells as a defense when exposed to predation by lobsters. This is an example of:
A)Mutualism.
B)An inducible defense.
C)A facultative symbiosis.
D)Heterotrophy.
19
A species' niche is defined as
A)The specific abiotic habitat features to which it is adapted.
B)The exact location where it lives.
C)Its special role in a community and all of its ecological interactions.
D)Its specific species behaviors.
20
Cleaning associations benefit the cleaner species, which get a steady supply of food, and may benefit the cleaned host by removal of irritating parasites.
A)True
B)False
21
A diver sees a fish swim slowly to a large coral head, where a colorful small fish swims in an odd pattern and approaches the bigger one. The coral head may be:
A)Its niche.
B)A hiding place.
C)A feeding area.
D)A cleaning station.
22
Larvae of reef fishes may locate a reef by which of these means?
A)Settling into deeper water
B)Hatching where plankton is abundant
C)Riding currents far out to sea
D)Staying close to where their parents produced them
23
A sea grass bed is grazed heavily by sea turtles, yet continues to grow, even though it remains very short. The sea grass bed could have a high
A)Primary production rate.
B)Standing crop.
C)Respiratory rate.
D)Nutrient absorption rate.
24
The total amount of phytoplankton is the water is the:
A)Net primary productivity
B)Essential biomass cycle
C)Standing stock
D)Trophic level reservoir
25
Several hagfish fighting over a remaining piece of a fallen whale carcass would be an example of:
A)Primary productivity
B)Preditor-prey relationship
C)Decomposition by saprophytes
D)Intraspecific competition
26
Nitrogen and carbon are often limiting factors because each forms a relatively inert gas that few organisms can extract from the atmosphere.
A)True
B)False
27
Most of the phosphorus entering the ocean is brought in by rivers.
A)True
B)False
28
Nitrate in the ocean generally comes from:
A)Denitrification by bacteria.
B)Nitrous-oxides in acid rain.
C)Weathering of rock.
D)Nitrogen fixation from the atmosphere by cyanobacteria and archaea.
29
The mesopelagic is the open-ocean zone that has enough sunlight for some use of vision by animals but not enough to support photosynthesis.
A)True
B)False
30
A barnacle that is exposed to air at low tide inhabits the:
A)Littoral zone.
B)Sublittoral zone.
C)Epipelagic zone.
D)Oceanic zone.
31
An example of a nektonic invertebrate would be a:
A)Tuna.
B)Copepod.
C)Squid.
D)Diatom.
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