Marine Biology (Castro), 9th Edition

Chapter 18: The Impact of Humans on the Marine Environment

Chapter Quiz

1
An example of an activity that can damage nearby marine habitats is:
A)Dumping dredge spoils.
B)Treating sewage.
C)Creating artificial reefs.
D)Recycling plastics.
2
Coral bleaching involves:
A)Grazing by fish.
B)Damage by trawlers.
C)Loss all of their zooxanthellae.
D)Deposition of sludge.
3
Another threat to corals caused by increased atmospheric CO2-levels is:
A)ocean acidification
B)eutrophication
C)sludge accumulation
D)absorbing chemical dispersants
4
Trawling damages soft-bottom communities by:
A)Removing short-living species.
B)Creating scars that offer shelter for predators.
C)Stirring up the bottom and redistributing sand.
D)Breaking off larger attached animal colonies.
5
Eutrophication is caused by the massive increases in the populations of:
A)Seagrasses.
B)Corals.
C)Phytoplankton.
D)Fish.
6
Eutrophication occurs when excess nutrients enter the ocean and feed decay bacteria, which deplete oxygen.
A)True
B)False
7
Dumping of sludge (treated sewage) into the oceans has relatively little effect on marine life compared to dumping of raw sewage.
A)True
B)False
8
At one time, it was thought that ocean currents and the actions of detrital feeding animals would break down sewage sludge at disposal areas. What is the main reason why this does not happen?
A)There is too much organic matter in localized areas from the animals to handle the problem.
B)There are too many nutrients in the sludge.
C)There are no bacteria in the sludge.
D)Fish get diseases from eating sludge.
9
Oil spilled into the ocean may last for years, but not forever because some of it evaporates and natural bacteria break down the rest.
A)True
B)False
10
Oil spills can kill seabirds and some marine mammals by reducing their ability to retain heat.
A)True
B)False
11
Feminization of male fish has been linked to chemicals in sewage. The chemicals are from the urine of women on birth control pills.
A)True
B)False
12
Most of the polluting oil in North America comes from tanker and pipeline spills.
A)True
B)False
13
Where does spilled oil degrade most slowly?
A)At the sea's surface.
B)In salt marshes.
C)On the sea floor.
D)On beaches.
14
To rescue an oil-covered bird, a volunteer not only must remove the oil but also:
A)Feed it bacteria that digest oil.
B)Keep the bird warm.
C)Release the bird back into its natural habitat as soon as possible.
D)Keep the bird in isolation.
15
Because of biological magnification, which of these animals would accumulate the most pesticides per body weight?
A)Filter-feeding clam
B)Small fish
C)Grazing snail
D)Bald eagle
16
Not all threatened or rare marine species have been over-exploited for food, hides or oil. For what other purpose have many such as corals, mollusks, or turtles been taken and killed?
A)Decorations and souvenirs
B)Production of pharmaceutical agents
C)Use in cosmetics
D)Scientific research
17
You would be most likely to find lead in the environment near which of these sites?
A)Pesticide-producing factory
B)Coal-burning plant
C)Dump for old electronic equipment
D)Site of an old marine fueling dock
18
The major human source of global warming is:
A)Use of aerosols.
B)Emissions of sulfates from power plants.
C)Burning fossil fuels.
D)Slash and burn tropical agriculture.
19
A great drop in atmospheric ozone levels, thought to be caused by CFCs, currently occurs over which of these areas?
A)Africa
B)Asia
C)Antarctica
D)North America
20
Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide may be increasing the earth's temperature because this gas absorbs more _________ radiation from space coming from the sun.
A)gamma
B)cosmic
C)microwave
D)infrared
21
As chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides enter a marine food chain, about 80-90% are degraded or lost at each trophic step (similar to the loss in biological production).
A)True
B)False
22
One major result of the over-use of DDT as a pesticide was:
A)oceanic acidification
B)eutrophication of estuaries
C)breeding problems in birds because their egg shells became fragile
D)the arrival of invasive species
23
The use of DDT and other chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides has been banned worldwide, and all of the problems they caused are now gone.
A)True
B)False
24
PCBs can evaporate, condense upon cooling, and then get carried to the surface by precipitation, so that these toxins now are found in high concentrations even in polar regions.
A)True
B)False
25
The heavy metal mercury is more dangerous as an organic compound than as a pure metal.
A)True
B)False
26
The seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia is a pest because it:
A)Releases toxins into the water.
B)Invades and clogs pipes.
C)Smothers native species.
D)Harbors disease-causing bacteria.
27
Radioactive waste must be ingested by organisms to have effects on marine life.
A)True
B)False
28
Marine thermal pollution is detrimental to local areas of water because:
A)It results in bioconcentration of toxins
B)It decreases the ability of water to hold dissolved oxygen.
C)It results in the uptake of isotopes by organisms.
D)It causes heavy metals to take organic forms.
29
A major cause of the spread of exotic or alien species is:
A)Eutrophication
B)The dumping of dredge spoil.
C)The overuse of pesticides.
D)The dumping of ship ballast water
30
Coastal geologists warned against building on barrier islands because:
A)Their shapes and sizes are always changing.
B)It causes global distillation.
C)They are stabilized by dunes for long periods of time.
D)It requires extensive use of pesticides.
31
If one intends to attempt habitat restoration, one must not:
A)Use artificial substrates, such as concrete blocks.
B)Reopen connections to the open sea.
C)Introduce invasive species.
D)Release small fishes that were raised in culture.
32
Threatened or endangered species include whales, sea turtles, and some shark species.
A)True
B)False
33
Sustainable development refers to human use of resources that meet today's needs without affecting the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
A)True
B)False
34
In order to stabilize sand and thus to control beach erosion many areas are:
A)Banning pesticide use.
B)Stopping the spread of invasive species
C)Protecting endangered species
D)Planting native dune grasses.
35
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species and the U.S. Customs Office have laws that prevent travelers from bringing back endangered species or their products to the U.S.A. Which of these items do you think is legal to bring back with you?
A)Marine mammal ivory
B)Soap containing seaweed extracts
C)Shells of sea turtles
D)Canned whale meat
36
All of the following threaten or destroy coral reefs except for which activity?
A)Dynamite and cyanide fishing
B)Clearing of terrestrial forest for agriculture near coastal areas
C)Reducing the amount of fertilizers used in farms and gardens
D)Over-collecting corals and sea shells
37
The term endangered species is defined as:
A)A species in decline due to human activities.
B)A species not in immediate danger of extinction, but potentially becoming so.
C)A species in immediate danger of extinction.
D)A species with a low geographic distribution.
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