| A) | Papal letters, closed with a lead seal, or bulla.
|
| B) | In medieval and Renaissance Europe, a selfgoverning association created by townsmen and headed by elected officials.
|
| C) | Associations formed by merchants and master artisans to defend and promote their interests and to regulate the quality of the goods they produced and sold.
|
| D) | Method by which young candidates, or apprentices, studied a particular trade under a master of that skill before admittance into the guild.
|
| E) | The capital of a division of the Mongol Empire at Sarai, on the lower Volga River.
|
| F) | Pious laywomen who lived in communities outside of convents.
|
| G) | English legislature, consisting of a House of Lords whose members were nobles and bishops, and a House of Commons whose members were elected gentry and townsmen.
|
| H) | In a number of countries in Europe, representative assemblies that were composed of three houses of representatives: the clergy, the nobility, and townsmen.
|
| I) | Written by Dante, a medieval poem of personal spiritual exploration.
|
| J) | Interest of profit on a loan; it was prohibited by the Church.
|
| K) | Title adopted by the Russian king; the term was the Slavic equivalent of the Latin term caesar.
|
.
