| A) | Great plague of the fourteenth century that spread throughout Europe and resulted in huge loss of human life.
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| B) | The belief that no one state should be permitted a dominant role in international affairs, and that alliances among their neighbors ought to restrain ambitious rulers.
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| C) | War between France and England fought in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Allegedly sparked by a dispute over French royal succession.
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| D) | Powerful and much feared empire of the Ottoman Turks, whose holdings stretched across the Middle East and Europe; began as a small state in the fourteenth century but soon took over Asia Minor and surrounded Byzantine territory, resulting in the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
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| E) | Period of severe food scarcity due to too much or too little rainfall.
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| F) | Owners of significant country estates in England, forming a distinct social group immediately below the nobility.
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| G) | Association of northern European trading cities that by the fourteenth century had imposed a monopoly over cities trading in the Baltic and North Seas.
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