1 A) about 10%. B) about one in four. C) one-half to two-thirds. D) one-third to one-half. E) about 80%. 2 A) it traveled in both pneumonic and bubonic varieties. B) it affected the different genders, ages, and urban and rural populations. C) it caused people to shun the families of the sick and refugees from afflicted communities. D) it inspired European doctors to make major strides in medicine as they sought a cure. E) it had a powerfully detrimental effect on European trade. 3 A) enclosure, which caused cropland to be used for sheep-raising. B) overpopulation, which caused people to depend on poor land. C) excessive rainfall, which caused crops to rot in the fields. D) lack of a welfare system that could handle massive crop failures. E) dependence on infertile soils. 4 A) subsidize technological innovation to adapt to the new reality of high wages. B) pass laws that attempted to impose pre-plague wage levels and in some cases, the system of serfdom. C) encourage merchants and aristocrats to accept the inevitability of the new situation. D) embark on foreign wars in order to take by force what could no longer be bought. E) quarantine the sick in an effort to stem the epidemic. 5 A) the lack of understanding of the nature of germs in disease B) the availability of schools directly devoted to the study of medicine C) the lack of availability of high quality metals for operating instruments D) the religious prohibition on dissection of the human body E) the belief that physical maladies were manifestations of sin 6 A) new weapons like the crossbow and long bow. B) techniques for making deeper mines. C) more efficient methods of metalworking. D) the rise of clock-making and printing industries. E) the invention of the astrolabe. 7 A) falling, because there were not enough people to do all the work that needed to be done. B) rising, because the labor shortage caused wage and price rises that benefited everyone substantially. C) falling, because the damage done by the famines, plagues, and wars could not be overcome. D) rising, because the process of adapting to the economic dislocations resulted in greater efficiency. E) stagnant, having already hit rock-bottom. 8 A) the peasants were so impoverished that they were desperate. B) the peasants were upset that their work, wage, and tax burdens were increasing rather than decreasing. C) the peasants saw that the upper classes were so depleted that this was their chance to be rid of them. D) the peasants wanted revenge because they blamed the aristocrats for the plague. E) the peasants were driven mad with fever and sought revenge against elites. 9 A) steady work, secure wages, and representation in government. B) control of the city's government and major industries. C) land that they could farm so they could leave the squalid city slums. D) to seize the wealth of the rich and distribute it to the poor. E) to establish a worker's commune. 10 A) the rebels would fall out among themselves before they could achieve success. B) the rebels' violence would alienate the majority of people, who then welcomed the restoration of order. C) the upper classes would make agreements when in danger, but renounce them once the danger had passed. D) the majority of people were content with their lot and would refuse to support the rebels. E) the rebels did not have the weapons necessary to make a serious challenge for power. 11 A) dynastic instability caused by the high death rate, which increased succession disputes. B) religious disputes caused by the increased piety of the people, including kings and aristocrats. C) changes in warfare that made it more expensive, leading governments to increase taxes. D) constitutional struggles between kings and representative assemblies. E) factional politics and disputes among the nobility. 12 A) exemption from most taxes. B) immunity from judicial torture. C) hunting rights. D) being counselors to the king. E) guaranteed incomes. 13 A) Edward III's claim to the French crown. B) French harassment of English merchants. C) the status of Aquitaine and Ponthieu. D) the English threat to Flanders' wool industry. E) that status of France's territories in England. 14 A) the battlefield superiority of English archers. B) France's size and resources. C) the inability of either side to gain decisive advantage. D) the impact of the plague, which interrupted the war. E) the strength of a series of French kings. 15 A) the qualms English soldiers had about fighting a saint. B) the popular support she generated for the king. C) her use of witchcraft to defeat the English. D) her ability to formulate and execute a long-term strategy. E) a strategic vision lacking in the other French commanders. 16 A) it established the English parliament's extensive rights to participate in government. B) it established the French monarchy's right to collect taxes without consent of the Estates. C) it reinforced England's insular character and maritime orientation by isolating it geographically. D) it left France in a position to dominate the rest of Europe because of its wealth and standing army. E) it stimulated the development of firearms and the technologies needed to manufacture them. 17 A) It was ruled by a single family, the Medicis, which offered the illusion of democratic government by allowing other patrician families to keep close counsel. B) It remained an important sea-power by using its wealth to purchase ships, without any ship-building capacity of its own. C) Venice remained powerful despite frequent political instability. D) The patricians were careful to show support for public welfare. E) The patricians made their decisions in public in order to give the common citizens the illusion of participation in public. 18 A) maintain peace through a balance of power. B) establish Florentine hegemony in Italy. C) cripple Venetian power once and for all. D) keep the French out of Italian politics. E) isolate Venetian power. 19 A) opened the Balkans to Ottoman invasion. B) disrupted the flow of trade between East and West. C) provoked a sudden exodus of scholars to Italy. D) psychologically shocked the Christian world. E) opened Asia to European trade. 20 A) actually increased the initial cost of books because of their higher quality and the oligarchic control over supply. B) did little initially to increase the supply of books. C) had the immediate effect of cutting the cost of books. D) did little initially to expand access to books to a broader segment of the population. E) had the immediate effect of severely weakening the Church.
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