1 A) the fall from power and execution of Robespierre. B) the end of the Terror and the "white terror" against the radicals. C) the end of the Revolution, and restoration of the monarchy. D) the reversal of egalitarian political policies and social mores. E) the establishment of a five-man executive known as the Directory. 2 A) right, the ultraroyalists and moderate royalists hoping for restoration. B) center of the political spectrum, called by one historian "the mirage of the moderates." C) left, the neo-Jacobins who wanted to preserve the gains of 1793 without the Terror. D) far left, Gracchus Babeuf's collectivist followers who hoped to move the Revolution even farther. E) clergy, in the hopes of bringing the Church in as an honest broker. 3 A) his brilliant military and diplomatic successes in northern Italy. B) the dependence of the unpopular Directory on military success. C) his personal charisma and talent in manipulating people. D) the success of his military expedition to Egypt. E) his personal negotiation of the Treaty of Campo Formio. 4 A) they recognized his genius and wanted to install him as dictator. B) they hoped to use him as a figurehead, since he was very popular. C) they needed the full power of the army to avoid renewed civil war. D) they feared that if they did not include him, he would turn on them. E) they had secret messages from him, supporting the coup. 5 A) disdain for the unjust and cumbersome institutions of Bourbon absolutism. B) a rejection of seigneurialism and traditional aristocratic privileges. C) a commitment to popular sovereignty and representative institutions. D) the promotion of equality of opportunity. E) saving revolutionary gains through political centralization. 6 A) concentration of power into his own hands as First Consul, then Consul for life, and finally Emperor. B) subordination of local government to central control through appointed prefects, sub-prefects, and mayors. C) conclusion of a Concordat with the Church, ending some revolutionary measures but keeping state control. D) restoration of the rule of law and the abolition of the institutions of police state set up by the Directory. E) a Council of State that was comprised of experts who advised Napoleon, drafted legislation, and monitored public officials. 7 A) appointments to prestigious but powerless local bodies. B) allowing them to elect the experts who staffed the advisory Council of State. C) creating a system of elite secondary schools to prepare future officials, engineers, and officers. D) chartering a national bank that provided privileged credit to bankers. E) honoring them with distinctions such as the Legion of Honor. 8 A) equality before the law. B) modern contractual notions of property. C) freedom of worship. D) the right to choose one's profession. E) the right to organize unions and strike. 9 A) southern Germany and Italy. B) Italy and Spain. C) northern Germany and Poland. D) the Netherlands and Britain. E) the Low Countries. 10 A) Poland and Italy. B) northern Germany and Russia. C) southern Germany and Italy. D) Italy and Spain. E) northern Germany and Poland. 11 A) a crushing victory that gave France control of the Russian Empire. B) a narrow victory that gave France control over Russia's western provinces. C) an agreement that divided Europe into French and Russian spheres of influence. D) a devastating defeat that was the beginning of the end for Napoleon. E) a resurgence of Prussian militarism. 12 A) Admiral Nelson's defeat of the French and Spanish navies at Trafalgar made an invasion impossible. B) he calculated that it was the most cost-effective way to bring the British Empire to its knees. C) he realized that protecting European industry would make it stronger than Britain's in the long run. D) Alexander III persuaded him that their joint dominance of Europe would be secured by economic links. E) it was central to the mercantilist economic theories that Napoleon instituted once he had power. 13 A) curtailing British business and sparking war-weariness and labor unrest. B) provoking a British counter-blockade that cut Europe off from overseas. C) alienating Napoleon's European subjects, who bore the brunt of the burden. D) forcing Britain to come to terms in order to stave off an economic collapse. E) leading the British to require that neutral ships stop at British ports and purchase a license and pay a tariff. 14 A) assigning quotas to each department, which were then fulfilled by a lottery among all fit 19-year-olds. B) sending troops to sweep through areas with high levels of draft evasion to punish evaders' families. C) ordering "supplementary levies," calling up men from earlier classes who had drawn high lottery numbers. D) forcing satellite countries and allied nations to send men to join the French army during 1814. E) having panels of doctors verify or reject claims for medical exemptions. 15 A) the Spanish army. B) the Bourbon dynasty. C) guerrilla bands. D) local notables. E) a British expeditionary force. 16 A) less than 50,000. B) around 100,000. C) at least 250,000. D) more than 500,000. E) 150,000. 17 A) opening more high positions to non-nobles and reducing some noble privileges. B) creating an army reserve to increase the number of men who could be mobilized. C) establishing the concepts of citizenship, representation, and constitutional rule. D) promoting the idea of a war of national liberation "With God for King and Fatherland." E) negotiating alliances with other anti-French nations. 18 A) his dramatic and manifold achievements in government. B) his self-conscious attempts to style his own image during his rule and in his memoirs. C) the Romantic movement in literature and the arts. D) his willingness to return constitutional powers to elected officials during times of domestic crisis. E) his stunning battlefield prowess. 19 A) Corsica. B) Sicily. C) London. D) Rome. E) Elba. 20 A) Simón Bolívar. B) José de San Martín. C) Ferdinand VII. D) Cortes of Cádiz. E) Baron Stein.
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