| accommodation | individual's adjustment of a schema to new information.
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| androgens | The class of sex hormones that predominate in males; they are produced by the testes in males and by the adrenal glands in both males and females.
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| assimilation | individual's incorporation of new information into existing knowledge.
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| attachment | The close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver.
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| authoritarian parenting | A restrictive, punitive parenting style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parent's directions and to value hard work and effort.
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| authoritative parenting | A parenting style that encourages children’s independence (but still places limits and controls on their behavior); it includes extensive verbal give-and-take, and warm and nurturing interactions with the child.
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| concrete operational stage | The third Piagetian stage of cognitive development (approximately 7 to 11 years of age), in which thought becomes operational and intuitive reasoning is replaced by logical reasoning in concrete situations.
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| crystallized intelligence | An individual’s accumulated information and verbal skills.
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| development | The pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life.
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| emerging adulthood | The transition from adolescence to adulthood
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| estrogens | The main class of female sex hormones, produced principally by the ovaries.
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| fluid intelligence | An individual's ability to reason abstractly.
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| formal operational stage | The fourth and final Piagetian stage of cognitive development (emerging from about 11 to 15 years of age), in which thinking becomes more abstract, idealistic, and logical.
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| gender roles | Expectations for how females and males should think, act, and feel.
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| habituation | Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations. Habituation is used in infant research to examine if an infant can discriminate between an old stimulus and a new one.
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| identity versus identity confusion | Erikson's fifth psychological stage in which adolescents face the challenge of finding out who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life.
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| implementation intentions | Specific strategies (such as setting specific plans and goals) for dealing with the challenges of making a life change.
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| indulgent parenting | A parenting style in which parents are involved with their children but place few limits on them.
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| nature | An organism’s biological inheritance.
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| neglectful parenting | A parenting style in which parents are uninvolved in their child's life.
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| nurture | An organism's environmental experience.
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| preferential looking | A test of perception that involves giving an infant a choice of what object to look at and that is used to determine whether infants can distinguish between objects.
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| preoperational stage | The second Piagetian stage of cognitive development (approximately 2 to 7 years of age), in which thought becomes more symbolic than in the sensorimotor stage but the child cannot yet perform operations.
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| prosocial behavior | Behavior that is intended to benefit other people.
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| Puberty | A period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescence.
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| resilience | A person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times.
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| schema | A concept or framework that already exists at a given moment in a person's mind and that organizes information and provides a structure for interpreting it.
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| secure attachment | An important aspect of socioemotional development in which infants use the caregiver, usually the mother, as a secure base from which to explore the environment.
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| sensorimotor stage | The first Piagetian stage of cognitive development (birth to about 2 years of age), in which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences (such as seeing and hearing) with motor (physical) actions.
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| temperament | An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.
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| Wisdom | Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life.
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